The 3rd PAGES Past Interglacials workshop
Jerry F. McManus1, D. Raynaud2 and P.C. Tzedakis3
1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, USA
2Laboratory of Glaciology and Geophysical Environment (LGGE), Grenoble, France
3Department of Geography, University College London, UK; show mail address
Palisades, New York, USA, 20-22 October 2010
Uncertainties related to climate variability in a warming world lend high priority to studies of warm periods in the past. The interglacial intervals of the last 800 ka serve as particularly appropriate targets for such investigations (Tzedakis et al., 2009), as they represent the culmination of warming over a range of partially ice-free global climates. In order to help focus and coordinate international efforts to study these intervals, the PAGES Working Group on Past Interglacials (PIGS) held the third in a series of workshops at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
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Figure 1: Examples of interglacial duration in an isotopic record from EPICA Dome C (Jouzel et al, 2007). For this illustration, the onset of interglacial warmth in Antarctica is defined by a threshold at -403 per mil in δD (Wolff et al., 2004). By this metric, past interglacial intervals lasted ~5,000 years and ~30,000 years, while the Holocene duration is now approaching 12,000 years. |
Previous workshops laid out the PIGS themes and addressed intra-interglacial variability and interglacial onset. The meeting in New York brought together 30 scientists representing the marine, terrestrial, ice core and modeling communities to focus on interglacial duration (Fig. 1) and glacial inception. Participants came from 12 countries and included five postdoctoral investigators and five students.
The first day included a survey of interglacial duration based on different archives and climatic proxies. After an overview of insolation variations through time, a series of presentations reviewed the timing and duration of interglacials as viewed in climate records from ice cores, deep-sea sediments and terrestrial sequences. Presentations on ice cores focused on new chronologies, ultra-high resolution analyses, and the potential influence of atmospheric CO2 concentrations on interglacial length. Several speakers then discussed the timing and duration of sea level high-stands as seen in deep-sea sediment and absolutely dated coral records. After a presentation on the interglacial hydrological cycle recorded in speleothem records, the day concluded with a poster session and group discussion of the session themes.
The second day featured presentations of data and modeling studies of glacial inception. These included ice core results from Greenland and Antarctica, and data from different interglacials and glacial inceptions in deep-sea cores from around the globe. A session on climate modeling included presentations on the influence of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and ocean circulation on the end of an interglacial, as well as attempts to incorporate the carbon cycle in climate modeling of the last interglacial and glacial inception. The day concluded with a discussion of the session themes and review of the Working Group progress.
The final day of the meeting centered on open discussions of issues related to the two primary topics. Although the participants noted that estimates and subsequent comparisons of interglacial durations are sensitive to the definition of interglacial conditions in each proxy and archive, and that the duration of any individual interglacial may vary in different proxies and different locations, they agreed that there are nevertheless valid and robust patterns that emerge among respective interglacials. Different intervals may be defined as short if they last no more than a few thousand years, intermediate if they last approximately ten thousand years, and long if their duration is tens of thousands of years. Similarly, the respective interglacials may be compared using various climatic indicators referenced to the Holocene and defined as short or long depending on that relationship. A subset of the Working Group was therefore assigned to lead and compare differences in the duration of past interglacials in a joint publication. The physics and forcing of the climate system that lead to those differences can then be explored in a more targeted way.
In contrast to interglacial durations, which may be estimated for any number of interglacials in a single long record and may differ among locations and climate indicators, the sequence of events associated with glacial inception should be globally coherent, and is best determined using multiple climate records from different locations and archives for a single interval. In this case, Working Group members agreed that a useful approach would be to summarize the global sequence of events that accompanied the last glacial inception, and a smaller group was assigned to lead the task of preparing a joint publication on this topic. This will allow gaps to be identified and addressed, and would provide a target for comparison with subsequent compilations of previous glacial inceptions. Improved absolute and relative chronological constraints are crucial to the successful evaluation of both interglacial duration and glacial inception, and so chronology was taken up as a third focal point to emerge from the workshop.
A fourth workshop, to be hosted by Chronis Tzedakis, will be held in the UK in July 2012. This meeting will focus on efforts to explain the structure of interglacials from the forcing, and will attempt to synthesize the various aspects of past interglacials addressed by the PIGS Working Group.
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